Abstract
The purpose of the study is to explore the attitude of undergraduate students towards plagiarism from both public and private higher educational institutions. A cross-sectional survey was used to collect the data through adopted questionnaire which comprised of three subscales; positive attitude, negative attitude and subjective norms towards plagiarism. Data was collected from 309 students of BS-Mathematics (n=155) and BS-English (n=154) programs in which 153 students are from public and 156 are from private institutions. Descriptive and inferential statistics methods were used to analyse the data. The results of the study revealed that undergraduate students from both programs have medium level of positive and negative attitude towards plagiarism. The findings show that there is no difference in positive attitude towards plagiarism, however difference is noted in negative attitude and subjective norms towards plagiarism between public and private students. Similarly no difference appears on the basis of three subscales between BS Mathematics and BS English undergraduate students.
Key Words
Plagiarism, Positive Attitude, Negative Attitude, Subjective Norms
Rationale of the Study
In USA and many other countries of the world, strong bachelor’s level education is foundational. The new chairman of Higher Education Commission (HEC) Tariq Banuri advocates US Education system and has strong belief in strengthening of the undergraduate programs on priority basis than postgraduate programs, therefore he is “concentrating the bulk of HEC’s resources into widening and strengthening undergraduate teaching across Pakistan. Every eligible student, he says, should be able to obtain a four-year BS degree irrespective of income or region”(Hoodbhoy, 2019, p. 1). HEC has disseminated to all Higher Education Institutions (HEI) for the implementation of semester system in all undergraduate programs. Therefore, it is obvious to the practice of both formative and summative assessment at undergraduate level. Different flavors of formative assessment may be practiced in HEIs but the most common is giving tasks as a written assignment. The purpose of such type of assessments is not only to make the students critical in readings literature but also to facilitate them in the learning of academic writing. But unfortunately most of the students copy material from internet to complete their tasks given as an assignment. They submit the same to the teachers without bothering that it is an academic dishonesty. Either they do intentionally or unintentionally, we are not sure that such type of students are aware of this academic dishonesty or not. As Anderson (2004) states that students do not take plagiarism as a contemplated activity rather a fun activity. He further added that they mostly do so only to meet deadlines fixed by the teacher and to meet the academic standards what they set in competent environment or in an ideal way. As a result such academic dishonesty/ plagiarism is affecting the performance of teachers and students at all levels. The growing level of plagiarism warns educationists to explore the reasons which are motivating people towards plagiarism. More specifically we are interested to investigate the attitude towards plagiarism of undergraduate students to complete their degree. Furthermore, it is an important step to identify factors that influence the attitudes of students towards plagiarism (Erkaya, 2009). Researcher are mostly focusing on exploring the relationship of gender and other demographics with plagiarism and less studies are being conducted to know the positive and negative attitude towards plagiarism (Devlin & Gray, 2007).
Literature Review
Plagiarism in Concise Oxford Dictionary is defined as "taking and using the thoughts, writings, and inventions of another person as one's own” plagiarism attitude can be defined as acceptance or rejection of particular behavior (Furneaux, 2011). Kubsch, Hansen, & Huyser-Eatwell (2008) state that positive attitude towards plagiarism reflects the appeal or appraisal of completing a behavior or justification towards the act. Positive attitude of plagiarism consists of justifications such as short time, defiance of academic instructions, teacher incompetence, poor reference access, shortage of books in the library and in personal capacity their own procrastination and low self-esteem. On the other hand, negative attitude presents dissatisfaction and negative consequences towards plagiarism. Having negative attitude towards plagiarism students show disapproval towards the act by valuing the serious consequences such as devaluation of their work and to be appear among black list people charged by academic authorities. These positive and negative attitudes further lead to develop intentions or subjective norms of a person to perform or avoid the plagiarism activity. Subjective norms present reflection of thought to value certain act and acceptance of such behavior with justification of contextual norms.
The study aims to explore the positive, negative attitudes and subjective norms towards plagiarism among undergraduates. Another objective is to examine the difference of undergraduate attitude towards plagiarism across gender, institutional type and subjective norms. In the present study, through assessment of five-point Likert plagiarism scale the high score in positive attitude shows high perception or intentions towards plagiarism and low score presents low intention towards plagiarism and moderate score expresses the average acceptance of the act. While negative attitude high score demonstrates dissatisfaction and disapproval towards plagiarism and low score shows acceptance of the act (Mavrinac et al, 2010). Subjective norms score display intentions and motivation of students to act on plagiarism, so high score presents their high intentions towards plagiarism while low score shows low desirability of the act (Furneaux, 2011).
Objective of the Study
The objective of the study is to find the attitude of BS- Mathematics and BS- English students towards plagiarism from both public and private institutions.
Hypotheses of the Study
1. There is likely to be a significant difference in the mean value of positive, negative attitude towards plagiarism and subjective norm towards plagiarism between public and private undergraduate students
2. There is likely to be a significant difference in the mean value of positive, negative attitude towards plagiarism and subjective norm towards plagiarism between male and female undergraduate students.
3. There is likely to be a significant difference in the mean value of positive, negative attitude towards plagiarism and subjective norm towards plagiarism between Mathematics and English programs.
Methodology
A
cross sectional survey with a large sample of 309 undergraduate students of BS
English and BS Mathematics programs of age ranges between 19 to 23 years was
randomly selected from public and private institutions of one district of
Punjab. However, institutions were conveniently selected for the study. The detail is given in the table 1:
Table 1: Participants of the Study
Institution |
Gender |
Total |
|
Male |
Female |
||
Public |
111 |
42 |
153 |
Private |
95 |
61 |
156 |
Total |
206 |
103 |
309 |
Math |
107 |
48 |
155 |
English |
99 |
55 |
154 |
Total |
206 |
103 |
309 |
Data collection Tool
A
standardize tool ‘Attitude
towards Plagiarism Questionnaire’ (APQ) (Pupovac,
Bilic-Zulle, Mavrinac, & Petrovecki, 2010, p. 311) was adopted
to collect the data from undergraduate students of both BS programs. The
tool consists of 29 items based on 5-point Likert scale. The ranging of each
item is taken from (SA)-5, agree (A)-4, neutral (N)-3, (SD) -2 to disagree (D)
-1. Moreover the tool has two parts: (1) demographic variable, and (2) APQ,
which is further divided into three subscales; (a) positive attitude which
consists of twelve items “reflect the approval and acceptance of plagiarism”,
(b) negative attitude which consists of seven items “reflects the deprecation
and condemnation of such act” and (c)
subjective norms contains 10 items “ indicate personal perception of extent and
acceptance of plagiarism in society” 8 (Pupovac et
al., 2010, p. 308). We are using
the following same reference range as
used by Pupovac et al. (2010) for scoring of each subscale . Mavrinac et al. (2010) reported the
reliability of these subscales:
(a) – Cronbach's ? = 0.83; (b) ?–
= 0.79; and (c) – ? = 0.85.
Table 2: Score range of attitudinal subscales
Reference
Range |
Subscale |
|
|||
|
12-28 |
Low |
positive
attitude |
||
|
29-45 |
Medium |
|||
|
46-60 |
High |
|||
|
7-16 |
Low |
negative
attitude |
||
|
17-26 |
Medium |
|||
|
27-35 |
High |
|||
|
10-23 |
Low |
subjective
norms |
||
|
24-37 |
Medium |
|||
|
38-50 |
High |
|||
Data Collection
Procedure
Date was collected with the permission of all
public and private institutional heads and participating students from both
programs. Researchers briefed about the study and that the questionnaire may
take 20-25 minutes to complete. It was further explained to the participants
that it is not mandatory to fill the questionnaire; they can leave the room if
they are not interested to participate in the study. However, none of the students left the room.
All the questionnaires were collected by the researchers after completion.
Analysis
A
software (SPSS) was used for data analysis.
Descriptive
Analysis
Table 3: Percentage of positive attitude
towards plagiarism w.r.t. Reference Range
Reference Range |
Frequency of respondent |
Percentage (%) |
|
Low |
12 –
28 |
9 |
3 |
Medium |
29 –
45 |
242 |
78 |
High |
46 –
60 |
58 |
19 |
309 |
|
The table 3 shows that 78 percentage
undergraduate students have medium attitude towards plagiarism. However, 3 %
have low and 19% have high positive attitude towards plagiarism.
Table 4: Percentage of negative attitude
towards plagiarism w.r.t. Reference Range
Reference Range |
Frequency of respondent |
Percentage (%) |
|
Low |
12 –
28 |
13 |
4 |
Medium |
29 –
45 |
267 |
86 |
High |
46 –
60 |
29 |
10 |
309 |
|
The
table 4 describes 86% undergraduate students having medium negative attitude
towards, and only 4 % have low negative attitude whereas 10% have high negative
attitude towards plagiarism.
Table 5: Percentage of subjective norms w.r.t.
Reference Range
Reference Range |
Frequency of respondent |
Percentage (%) |
|
Low |
12 –
28 |
11 |
4 |
Medium |
29 –
45 |
226 |
73 |
High |
46 –
60 |
72 |
23 |
309 |
|
The table 5 shows that 73% undergraduate
students have medium attitude towards plagiarism, and 23 % have high subjective
norms towards plagiarism.
Summary:
There is a medium attitude of undergraduate students towards plagiarism across
three subscales (see tables 3, 4 & 5). It shows that undergraduate students
from both private and public institutions agree with the act of plagiarism and
results regarding subjective norms revealed that students could not know about
the plagiarism appropriately
Inferential
Statistics
Hypothesis
1: There is likely to be a significant difference in the mean value of
positive, negative attitude towards plagiarism and subjective norm towards
plagiarism between public and private undergraduate students.
Table 6: Mean difference of public and private
institutions based on three subscales
Group
Statistics |
|||||
|
Institution |
N |
Mean |
Std.
Deviation |
Std.
Error Mean |
Positive attitude score |
Public |
153 |
38.86 |
5.601 |
.453 |
Private |
156 |
37.35 |
7.933 |
.635 |
|
Negative attitude score |
Public |
153 |
23.41 |
2.999 |
.242 |
Private |
156 |
21.45 |
3.435 |
.275 |
|
Subjective attitude score |
Public |
153 |
34.56 |
4.006 |
.324 |
Private |
156 |
31.81 |
5.593 |
.448 |
The table 6 shows the difference in the mean
value and standards deviation of public and private undergraduate students
based on three subscales.
Table 7: Results of ‘Independent Samples t
Test’ of Public and Private Institutions based on three subscales
|
Levene's
Test for Equality of Variances |
t-test
for Equality of Means |
||||||||
F |
Sig. |
T |
df |
Sig.
(2-tailed) |
Mean
Difference |
Std.
Error Difference |
95%
Confidence Interval of the Difference |
|||
Lower |
Upper |
|||||||||
Positive attitude score |
Equal variances assumed |
12.666 |
.000 |
1.938 |
307 |
.054 |
1.517 |
.783 |
-.023 |
3.057 |
Equal variances not assumed |
|
|
1.944 |
279.074 |
.053 |
1.517 |
.780 |
-.019 |
3.052 |
|
Negative attitude score |
Equal variances assumed |
5.427 |
.020 |
5.330 |
307 |
.000 |
1.957 |
.367 |
1.234 |
2.679 |
Equal variances not assumed |
|
|
5.337 |
302.952 |
.000 |
1.957 |
.367 |
1.235 |
2.678 |
|
Subjective attitude score |
Equal variances assumed |
17.758 |
.000 |
4.957 |
307 |
.000 |
2.748 |
.554 |
1.657 |
3.839 |
Equal variances not assumed |
|
|
4.972 |
281.146 |
.000 |
2.748 |
.553 |
1.660 |
3.836 |
Interpretation:
Significant value of subscale positive attitude towards plagiarism (p= 0.54) is
greater than alpha value (? =.05).
Therefore, hypothesis shows no difference in positive attitude towards
plagiarism between public and private undergraduate students. However, the
significance value of negative attitude towards plagiarism and subjective norms
is less than alpha value, which shows significant difference in both subscale
negative attitude and subjective norms towards plagiarism between public and
private institutions.
Hypothesis
2: There is likely to be a significant difference
in the mean value of positive, negative attitude towards plagiarism and
subjective norm towards plagiarism between male and female undergraduate
students.
Table 8: Mean difference between male and
female undergraduate students based on three subscales
|
|||||
|
gender |
N |
M |
Sd |
Std.
Error Mean |
Positive attitude score |
Male |
206 |
38.15 |
6.443 |
.449 |
Female |
103 |
37.99 |
7.790 |
.768 |
|
Negative attitude Score |
Male |
206 |
22.40 |
3.383 |
.236 |
Female |
103 |
22.45 |
3.351 |
.330 |
|
Subjective attitude score |
Male |
206 |
33.16 |
4.879 |
.340 |
Female |
103 |
33.19 |
5.416 |
.534 |
|
total score |
Male |
206 |
95.58 |
11.631 |
.810 |
Female |
103 |
98.14 |
11.277 |
1.111 |
The table 8 shows that the difference in mean
value and standard deviations of male and female students based on three
subscales.
Table 9: Results of ‘Independent Samples Test’
of male and female students based on three subscales
|
Levene's
Test for Equality of Variances |
t-test
for Equality of Means |
||||||||
F |
Sig. |
T |
Df |
Sig.
(2-tailed) |
Mean
Difference |
Std.
Error Difference |
95%
Confidence Interval of the Difference |
|||
Lower |
Upper |
|||||||||
Positive attitude score |
Equal variances assumed |
3.135 |
.078 |
.192 |
307 |
.848 |
.160 |
.835 |
-1.483 |
1.803 |
Equal variances not assumed |
|
|
.180 |
173.614 |
.857 |
.160 |
.889 |
-1.595 |
1.915 |
|
Negative attitude Score |
Equal variances assumed |
.163 |
.687 |
-.107 |
307 |
.915 |
-.044 |
.407 |
-.844 |
.757 |
Equal variances not assumed |
|
|
-.108 |
205.818 |
.914 |
-.044 |
.406 |
-.843 |
.756 |
|
Subjective attitude score |
Equal variances assumed |
2.033 |
.155 |
-.064 |
307 |
.949 |
-.039 |
.611 |
-1.241 |
1.164 |
Equal variances not assumed |
|
|
-.061 |
186.288 |
.951 |
-.039 |
.633 |
-1.287 |
1.209 |
|
total score |
Equal variances assumed |
.132 |
.717 |
-1.84 |
307 |
.067 |
-2.558 |
1.390 |
-5.292 |
.176 |
Equal variances not assumed |
|
|
-1.86 |
209.813 |
.064 |
-2.558 |
1.375 |
-5.269 |
.153 |
Interpretation:
Significant value of subscale positive attitude (.848) and significant value of
negative attitude (p=.915) towards plagiarism and significant value of
subjective norms (.949) is greater than alpha value (?=.05). It shows no
difference in the positive, negative attitude towards plagiarism and social
norms between male and female undergraduate students.
Hypothesis
3: There is likely to be a significant subject
difference in the mean value of positive, negative attitude towards plagiarism
and subjective norm towards plagiarism between Mathematics and English
undergraduate students
Table 10: Mean difference between English and
Mathematics undergraduate students based on three subscales
|
Subject |
N |
M |
Sd |
Std.
Error Mean |
Positive attitude score |
Maths |
155 |
37.75 |
6.447 |
.518 |
English |
154 |
38.45 |
7.349 |
.592 |
|
Negative attitude score |
Maths |
155 |
22.63 |
3.127 |
.251 |
English |
154 |
22.20 |
3.589 |
.289 |
|
Subjective attitude score |
Maths |
155 |
33.11 |
4.791 |
.385 |
English |
154 |
33.23 |
5.323 |
.429 |
|
Total score |
Maths |
155 |
96.61 |
10.395 |
.835 |
English |
154 |
96.25 |
12.655 |
1.020 |
Table 10 describes the difference in mean
values and standard deviation between Math and English undergraduate students
of BS programs based on positive, negative attitude towards plagiarism and
subjective norms.
Table 11: Results of ‘Independent Samples Test’
of BS English and BS Mathematics undergraduate students based on three
subscales
|
Levene's Test for Equality of Variances |
t-test for Equality of Means |
||||||||
F |
Sig. |
T |
Df |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
Mean Difference |
Std. Error Difference |
95% Confidence Interval of the Difference |
|||
Lower |
Upper |
|||||||||
Positive attitude score |
Equal variances assumed |
1.445 |
.230 |
-.890 |
307 |
374 |
-.700 |
.786 |
-2.247 |
.848 |
Equal variances not assumed |
|
|
-.889 |
301.380 |
.374 |
-.700 |
.787 |
-2.248 |
.848 |
|
Negative attitude Score |
Equal variances assumed |
3.761 |
.053 |
1.126 |
307 |
.261 |
.431 |
.383 |
-.322 |
1.184 |
Equal variances not assumed |
|
|
1.125 |
300.823 |
.261 |
.431 |
.383 |
-.323 |
1.185 |
|
Subjective attitude score |
Equal variances assumed |
2.043 |
.154 |
-.204 |
307 |
.838 |
-.118 |
.576 |
-1.251 |
1.016 |
Equal variances not assumed |
|
|
-.204 |
303.242 |
.838 |
-.118 |
.576 |
-1.252 |
1.016 |
|
total score |
Equal variances assumed |
3.803 |
.052 |
.268 |
307 |
.789 |
.353 |
1.317 |
-2.239 |
2.945 |
Equal variances not assumed |
|
|
.268 |
295.129 |
.789 |
.353 |
1.318 |
-2.241 |
2.947 |
Interpretation:
Significant value of subscale positive attitude (p=.374) and significant value
of negative attitude (p=.261) towards plagiarism and significant value of
subjective norms (p=.838) is greater than alpha value (?=.05). Therefore, the hypothesis is rejected as it
shows no difference in the positive, negative attitude towards plagiarism and
social norms between BS Mathematics and BS English undergraduate students.
Conclusion
The main idea behind the study was to explore the attitude of public and private students towards plagiarism. The results show the variance in the scores in three subscales used to identify the attitude towards plagiarism in the undergraduate students of BS programs. Moreover, analysis shows that negative attitude towards plagiarism and subjective norms of both BS programs are different in public and private institution based on scales. Findings show that there is a no significant difference in the positive, negative attitude towards plagiarism and social norms between male and female undergraduate students. Similarly, there is no difference in all the three subscale positive, negative attitude towards plagiarism and social norms towards plagiarism between BS Mathematics and BS English undergraduate students. Moreover, a surprising fact is reported that no significant difference of plagiarism attitude in undergraduate students of public and private institutions was found. However, only difference between public and private institutions is noted based on negative attitude towards plagiarism and subjective norms. As Ajzrn (2006) states that such behaviour reflects the desirability or rejection of the act and subjective norms represent the culture and moral values towards the concept. High mean scores in descriptive analysis revealed multiple reasons behind plagiarism attitude in students from both public and private sector. Students mostly showed agreement towards the statement that they mostly get involved in plagiarism because of unaccountability and lenient action of authorities towards accused. They plagiarize because of easy access to internet sources and less effort and hard work in compilation of their academic work including assignments and projects. Moreover, majority think the most significant factor of plagiarism is short deadlines for completion of academic tasks. The findings of Ma et al. (2007) are in lines with these reasons of plagiarism including peer pressure, obscurity of academic material, easy access to internet and mobile resources, unawareness of consequences of plagiarism, heavy workload and less time of accomplishment. Students present negative attitude towards plagiarists and agree that they should not be a part of intellectual community. Further, they present their lack of knowledge towards plagiarism as they do not consider word theft as severe act as car theft. They think it as a right short cut in completion of academic work without hard hassle and do not show understanding towards negative effects of plagiarism.
Students reflect negative attitude by showing disapproval towards plagiarists who they think might not be the part of any intellectual or scientific community and recognition of academic consequences for plagiarism. Most of them present neutral response towards the penalty on plagiarism. It means they are unaware of serious offence of plagiarism. Subjective norms reflect the culture of the society towards any act. The individual's choice is influenced by the extent of the pressure placed by the society and develops the common thinking culture to acquiesce to or refrain from the act (Mavrinac et al., 2010). Students demonstrate acceptance of plagiarism act for completion of their academic work without considering it dangerous activity for academia. Although they agree that it weakens the intellectual capacity of the researcher, but they do not bother in copying material with or without consent of the writer. They agree to plagiarize the material due to the leniency of the authority or if their friends allow them to use their work and are against to place any kind of punishment against it. No significant gender differences in the present study is inconsistent with previous studies in which males are reported more violent in plagiarism attitude rather females (Kecici, Bulduk, Oruc, & Celik, 2011). No gender difference is seen in positive attitude in public sector students. Similarity, findings showed no significant subject difference among public and private students. It reflects that subject is not much important factor in involving students in plagiarism act rather they do plagiarism with same pace in both English and mathematics subjects.
Conclusion
The study concluded that students plagiarize due to easy excess to internet sources, heavy workload, favorable environment, peer pressure, high demanding academic expectations from their teachers in a short span of time and clarity of material in a classroom. They also show sympathy for their friends and colleagues who engage in plagiarism and do not favour any punishment against them. They reveal unawareness of the true meaning of plagiarism by admitting that copying material from English language is right because it is not our native language. Moreover, they accept plagiarism improvises the intellectual capacity of the researcher but they plagiarize because of not caught yet. It shows weak subjective norms developed through meager societal values and poor examination system in academics.
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- Chynette, N., (2011). Rethinking plagiarism. Business communication quarterly, 74, 2, 205-209.
- Devlin, M., and Gray, K. (2007). In their own words: A qualitative study of the reasons Australian university students plagiarize. Higher Education Research and Development, 26, 181-198.
- Erkaya, O. R. (2009). Plagiarism by Turkish students: causes and solutions. Asian EFL Journal, 11(2), 86-103
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- Mavrinac, M., Brumini, G., Bilic-Aulle, & Petrovecki, M. (2010). Construction and validation of attitudes toward plagiarism survey. Croatian Medical Journal 51, 195-201.
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Cite this article
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APA : Qaisar, S., Rashid, S., & Dogar, A. H. (2016). Exploring the Attitudes of Undergraduate Students towards Plagiarism in Public and Private Institutions. Global Regional Review, I(I), 243-259. https://doi.org/10.31703/grr.2016(I-I).19
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CHICAGO : Qaisar, Shahzada, Sumaira Rashid, and Aashiq Hussain Dogar. 2016. "Exploring the Attitudes of Undergraduate Students towards Plagiarism in Public and Private Institutions." Global Regional Review, I (I): 243-259 doi: 10.31703/grr.2016(I-I).19
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HARVARD : QAISAR, S., RASHID, S. & DOGAR, A. H. 2016. Exploring the Attitudes of Undergraduate Students towards Plagiarism in Public and Private Institutions. Global Regional Review, I, 243-259.
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MHRA : Qaisar, Shahzada, Sumaira Rashid, and Aashiq Hussain Dogar. 2016. "Exploring the Attitudes of Undergraduate Students towards Plagiarism in Public and Private Institutions." Global Regional Review, I: 243-259
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MLA : Qaisar, Shahzada, Sumaira Rashid, and Aashiq Hussain Dogar. "Exploring the Attitudes of Undergraduate Students towards Plagiarism in Public and Private Institutions." Global Regional Review, I.I (2016): 243-259 Print.
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OXFORD : Qaisar, Shahzada, Rashid, Sumaira, and Dogar, Aashiq Hussain (2016), "Exploring the Attitudes of Undergraduate Students towards Plagiarism in Public and Private Institutions", Global Regional Review, I (I), 243-259
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TURABIAN : Qaisar, Shahzada, Sumaira Rashid, and Aashiq Hussain Dogar. "Exploring the Attitudes of Undergraduate Students towards Plagiarism in Public and Private Institutions." Global Regional Review I, no. I (2016): 243-259. https://doi.org/10.31703/grr.2016(I-I).19