SR is used in several ways as the key tool in the emerging society of technology. Usage with the internet is growing rapidly in all kind of fields, agriculture, commerce, business, industry, medicine, companies, banks, communications and government for different official functions. Tahis has become an essential instrument.

Science education in schools plays a vital role in student’s career development. It involves logical thinking and mathematical modelling and problem-solving skills. With the internet is a powerful device that enables students to learn new skills and current lessons with advanced version. helps students to explore creativity and problem solving but also help to understand technologies. Science deals with different theoretical aspects. It also deals with technical content, teaches a secondary school student to write programs using various programming languages such as FORTRAN, COBOL or BASIC.

Today existing science education in Pakistan faces a lot of problems. Yet the students learn very little about different concepts of science courses. There is no satisfactory science learning for difficult concepts and programming of different languages. In programming, students first spend a lot of time to learn the syntax and semantics of that language then they can represent algorithms. In this process, the level of frustration gets higher because students are unable to comprehend difficult concepts of a topic. Another reason is inexperienced teachers that they do not indulge in them with interesting examples and problems that are suitable for students’ level of knowledge and understanding. Students neither learn difficult concepts to analyze nor compare different solutions. Lack of subject knowledge, poor pedagogical skills are also another factor. Teachers use outdated teaching methodology which does not match with the ground realities (Rashid & Mukhtar, 2012).Analytical, logical and critical thinking cannot be nurtured in students without comprehension (Ali, 2011). Conceptual understanding also enhances students’ comprehension level. Learning concepts are very important for comprehension and cognitive development (Moreira, 2011).

Some general problems related to science education in Pakistan are lack of motivation, non-familiarity of teachers with ICTs, lack of training, illiterate family background and shortage of skilled persons (Taimur-ul-Hassan & Abdul Raheem, 2013). Teachers are unaware of students learning difficulties in science and not use Student centred computing pedagogy approach to make learning more comprehensive (Anders & Anna, 2009). Many students of science education at secondary level find difficulty in learning programming because of non-determinism and not understanding of algorithm (Jan Erik, 2011). Poor pedagogical methods, poor study methods and lack of problem-solving abilities are also major problems that affect students learning capabilities (Josephat O, Herbert, & Fredrick, 2012). Most of the students leave the science subject because of misunderstanding and bad experience (Maureen, Anne, & Tuba, 2008). Another major problem is the science curriculum that is not very effective at the secondary level in Pakistan so that students are unable to comprehend the knowledge given in the textbooks (Fariha, Mumtaz, & Mehwish, 2011).

How to Improve the Current State of Science Education

To improve the current state of science education in Pakistan, teachers must know the core difficulties of this subject. Teachers should be trained to advance pedagogical skills and techniques to build knowledge and make connections between prerequisites and what they need to know. Motivational level of student must increase to choose science as this is also a technical subject which is used now a day’s almost in every field of life. Teachers make student think logically and to solve problems through creative thinking.

With the rapid increase in the development of technology and technology and the big flow of information in our society desires innovative getting to know abilities to maintain pace with present-day technology. One of these techniques Synectics increase the power of students’ creativity in science comprehension is mapped by means of systematic literature review. So that this study is an effort for the development of science comprehension through the Synectics teaching model at secondary level in District Rawalpindi.

Synectics Model of Teaching: -

Synectics is a technique of the Information Processing family of the teaching model. It was designed by William J. J. Gordon and his colleague in 1961. The model was used to develop creativity group in industrial organizations. Later on, it was adopted in education. Synectics model has two major characteristics that distinguish it from others. First, it attacks underlying concept of the problem rather than the problem itself. Second, it examines the problem in many ways to try to discover an analogy (Evans, 1996). The main element of Synectics is the use of analogies (Joyce, Weil, & Calhoun, 2014).

Synectics process follows two basic activities. These are:

I. Making the familiar strange/Creating Something New

II. Making the Strange Familiar

Objectives

The following are the objectives of the study.

1. To review the previous researches on Synectics systematically

Research Questions

• How well students can comprehend science through synectics in underdeveloped countries?

• How well students can comprehend science through synectics in developed countries?

Significance of the Study

The study will be of significant for:

Working Teachers

Synectics model of teaching provides an interesting systemic approach. So the use of this model will enhance the quality of instruction. This model will help teachers and students articulate new solutions to a problem.

Students

The use of this model will improve students’ learning of concepts on the subject of science. Also, this model provides an interactive environment. This will enhance the academic performance of the students and will make them more confident.

Curriculum Planner and Training Institutions

The findings of the proposed study will be helpful for curriculum planners in the curriculum. They will be able to select appropriate instructional material and contents for a course. It will also helpful for the training institutions so that the same model will be implemented in teachers’ training.

Systematic Review

A brief synthesis of the findings of previous studies on Synectics model of teaching reveals that there are not many studies in this area, particularly in Pakistan, it is relatively limited and underused. General steps of previous tips may additionally lead researchers to a scientific evaluation: hassle formulation, assessment planning, and literature search, records collection and information evaluation, information synthesis and interpretation, effects presentation and evaluation replace.

Research Method

The research is classed as a review of the literature. The literature review is a dependable research approach. Regarding its technique, its miles considered as qualitative, because it seeks to establish meaning and importance to the object of study.

Procedure of Experiment

The study examined that was conducted in 4 stages. The research problem becomes described in the first step and studies became completed within the google student database in the second step and the third step reading of text and classification of underdeveloped and developed countries was done. The fourth step of research was the analysis of all work of articles according to year, country and universities.

A total of 50 numbers of papers were obtained, which has a considerable amount of contributions to the relevant topic. The literature of developed and developing countries was reviewed systematically. The number of countries was maximum in which the synectics approach was applied and results were remained positive regarding educational activities and trainings as ahead.

This study performed literature review on effectiveness of synectics in different institutions of different developing and developed countries. Synectics approach was applied in both developing and developed countries and there is no significant difference between the effectiveness of synectics in both categories. It is concluded from the under developing countries that synectics model is very useful in different situation of educational activities and developed countries are also in favour of synectics to employs in education sector. It is suggested for future work that teacher must use synectics in any subject at any level of education that can enhance student’s ability to perform better and thinking abilities can be boosted up during educational activities.