Abstract

Slums are the densely populated areas which are present in all the developed cities of the world. Pakistan is a third-world country and people from the rural areas prefer to live in the urban areas which are relatively better. This gave rise to urbanization and city space began to decrease. The development of slums in Pakistan initiated since the time of its establishment. Two of the earliest established slums are Goshala-Marrian in Faisalabad (the third largest city of Pakistan), Punjab. The built area of the city is greatly influenced by the establishment and growth of slums. This unplanned urbanization is required to be analyzed with respect to its physical elements, so that, the living quality of the inhabitants can be enhanced. The current living conditions were observed to plan for a better environment. Legalization of these areas is a mandate to be followed. The administration and the inhabitants need to put in joint efforts to upgrade the area.

Key Words

UrbanMorphology, Morphological Analysis, Urban Slums, Kachi Aabadis, Legalization, Faisalabad

Introduction

Urbanization is increasing at a rapid rate around the globe. Above 50% of the total world population is living in urban areas. Of this 50% population, about 25%-50% of people are living in slums. The primary world area for slum development is the global south. (Friesen et al. 

2019).

Pakistan also falls in the global south (World Population Review 2023) and has many large and small slums like Orangi in Karachi being the largest slum in the world (The Express Tribune 2016).

Faisalabad, being the third largest city and industrial hub

of the country also has many slums.

The city was established in 1892 by the British Government. Before 1892, the region comprised of some villages. People of different religions were living there at that time i.e. Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs, and Christians. After the establishment of a city in this area, many villages became a part of the city and many villagers moved due to the control of British officers. People moved but worship and burial places of Hindus and Sikhs remained and were mostly vacant with few people living in them. After the partition in 1947, these places were completely vacated and migrated Muslims started to live there and occupied the built structures within these areas (Ashraf 2012; Manzoor 2017).

Slum generation and unplanned urbanization, in the city, was started since then. Due to the development of these unplanned areas living quality in the city is declining. The morphological analysis of these areas can be a supportive tool in identifying the current status by considering elements i.e. environmental condition, street patterns, architectural hierarchy, land use activities etc.

Review of Literature

According to a report generated by The World Bank Group, the urban population is increasing rapidly due to the development pace in South Asia. 30 million housing units are being observed that exist in slums. By 2050, it has been estimated that an additional 203 million housing units will be required to accommodate the urban population and to cease the expansion of slums in the cities of South Asia. Improvement of urban plans, urban development control and better infrastructure can play a vital role in the sustainable development of these cities and in the minimization of slum growth. (Ellis & Roberts 2016)

KachiAabadis or slums are the products of urbanization when people move towards cities for employment and for other facilities. New slum establishment is essential to be clearly monitored and controlled by the concerned authorities. Legalization of existing slums is a milestone which has to be covered to provide a quality life to the increasing number of inhabitants (Ashraf, 2021). 

Generally, the slums are observed to exist with features like a lack of clean drinking water, sanitation, waste collection, provision of electricity and low-quality housing structures (Raza, 2019).

In Pakistan also, the condition of slums is miserable. 

People in search of employment, better opportunities and improved facilities, migrate in cities and due to poverty, lack of social acceptance and lack of economic inequalities these migrated people start living in slums. 

As the slums are not legalized living areas, therefore, people living in slums do not invest in better housing. They fear that the Government can anytime demolish the slum. The government is also least interested in upgrading or legalising slum areas due to lack of funds. 

Consequently, the slum people have to live in deteriorated environmental conditions. Worsen sanitation conditions, unavailability of health facilities, unavailability of clean drinking water, bad infrastructure and lack of utility services are the key features of slums in Pakistan. (Pervez 2019)

The condition of slums in Faisalabad is also not good. Generally, the people don’t have access to clean drinking water, the use of unclean drinking water is giving birth to infectious diseases, the streets are unpaved, the literacy rate is reasonable but awareness towards higher education is lacking, high birth and infant mortality rates are being observed, most of the people live in single room houses with no privacy, separate kitchens and toilets are also rare. (Ahmed et al. 2015)

Thus, slums of Pakistan are required to be studied to understand and observed their current conditions, so that, policies can be developed while considering the betterment of people living in these slums.

This study focused on two old slums of Faisalabad as a case study in which their morphological conditions were observed.

Morphological studies refer to the observation of physical elements that form the identified area. Their impact on the environmental, social and economic conditions of the inhabitants is also observed. (Oliveira 2020)




Contextual Analysis of Faisalabad

Faisalabad is located in the central area of the Punjab Province. The total area of Faisalabad district is 5856sq.km of which Faisalabad city has 168 sq. km. It is a highly populated city with a total population of 30,64,456 according to the census in 1998. In 2017, it was 32, 03,846. (Data Commons 2017; the Urban Unit 2014)

The population density map of Faisalabad is shown in Figure 1 below:

 




Goshala-Marrian Area

Figure 1

Population Density Map



It can be seen in Figure 1 that the Goshala-Marrian falls in the highly-dense urban area of Faisalabad. 

The built-up area growth and land cover change analysis of the city from 1973 to 2013 can be seen in Figure 2 below:

Figure 2

Land Cover Change Analysis for 1973, 1983, 1992, 2000, 2013




It can be seen in Figure 2 that the growth of the built-up area is much increased in 2013. It can be deduced, from the above analysis, that the built-up area will be increased by approximately 50% in 2023.

The city has 112 slums in total. It is a city which is having some major residential and commercial areas as notified slums like Partap Nagar, Millat Town (partial), Narwala Road commercial market etc. (Ashraf, 2021)




Significance of Study

Slums are being developed in the global south countries due to rapid urban-rural migration and high land prices. People seek shelter in areas which are less expensive and form a slum. The government need to mitigate these circumstances to facilitate the migrated people, as they migrate to urban areas for employment and become part of urban labour/employees which is also an important requirement for city development, instead of ordering the displacement and demolition of such areas. The existence of slums is required to be acknowledged. (Arif et al. 2022)

Faisalabad city is also going through a phase of rapid urbanization in which unplanned and hidden occupancy i.e. slums, has a larger number. These slums were developed mostly in the areas which currently fall in high to very high land cost regions. The administration is working to legalize these slums being old ones and of much-developed status. Due to a lack of awareness among the residents of these areas and their particular lifestyle people generally don’t cooperate with the administration which is working for their own betterment. 

The government has established a department known as the Directorate of KachiAabadis at the provincial level to develop and legalize these areas. The residents of Goshala and Marrian were contacted to pay rupees 172/Marla (one Marla=272 sq.ft.), in 2013, as a registration fee to own the property which was previously illegally occupied by them under the directions of the Directorate of KachiAabadis. They were assured that the required infrastructure would also be developed after the completion of the registration process. But they didn’t pay except a few of them resulting in 276 illegal dwelling units and 65 legal and owned dwelling units in the area (Ashraf, 2021).

Due to the lack of interest of the slum inhabitants, the administration is also not in the required phase of development. The existing condition of the area has, thus, not been identified according to which appropriate planning can be made. Morphological analysis can identify the existing conditions of the built environment and can provide potential solutions. Physical activities and public health can be enhanced through appropriate recommendations while considering the results of this analysis. Planning and design for living quality upgradation of the residents of Goshala and Marrian can be provided based on the morphological analysis of the area.

Materials and Methods

Problem identification and objective were stated by observing the concerned field of urbanization i.e. morphological analysis. The data was collected from a literature review and Faisalabad Development Authority about slums or KachiAabadis in the city. The earliest developed slums were identified for this study from where unplanned urbanization started in the city. 

The identified slums were visited to observe the current conditions based on the method of morphological analysis. After analyzing the built-up features and the environmental conditions recommendations were made. The Directorate of KachiAabadis-Punjab and experts from the dissolved Urban Unit of Faisalabad were consulted about the previous city conditions and current administrative workings.

This research is a qualitative type of research based on available data, reconnaissance survey and graphical representation of the current factors to address the statement of the problem i.e. Unplanned and hidden urbanization in Faisalabad is increasing with the passage of time due to which living conditions of the inhabitants are declining and to achieve the objective i.e. To observe the real-life circumstances of slum inhabitants for improvement of their livability conditions.




Case Study

Currently, the city comprises more than 26,000 dwelling units from various small and big slums known as KachiAabadis locally. The area mentioned above i.e. worship and burial places of Hindu and Sikh had also been developed as two slums which currently comprise 341 dwelling units. These slums are known as Gaushala or Goshala (a place of cows that belonged to Hindus) and Marrian (a Sikh burial place). People migrated in 1947 and started to live in this area which was like an urban fringe at that time. (Ashraf, 2021)

The area is associated with the Railway network of Faisalabad which is also an important reason for people to live here after migration because the majority of people migrated through railways and sought living units in the nearest suitable places of railway lines (Ashraf, 2021).

The association of cities with the Railway networks was an effective strategy of city planning by the British Government. (Noble, 1998)

Currently, it is in that part of the city where land cost is high. However, the land cost inside the slum is less than half if compared to the neighbouring planned areas due to which many citizens moved in these slums. (Ashraf, 2021)

With the passage of time, both these slums started to grow and merge together and currently seem like a single slum. Both the slums can be seen in Figure 3, Figure 4 shows both the slums as a single entity as they merged together with the passage of time as below: 

Figure 3

Slums of Goshala and Marrian



Figure 4

Goshala-Marrian plan showing slums as Merged together with the Passage of time



Neighbouring Urban Fabric and Land Cost

Goshala-Marrian is located in one of the prime areas of the city. The area and its surroundings were residential but currently most of the area falls under the commercial category. The location plan of Goshala-Marrian with respect to the neighbouring can be seen in Figure 27.

Multi-storey buildings are being constructed in the neighbouring areas at commercial and residential levels. Many new housing colonies are in the process of development in Nazimabad and Sir Syed Town areas. The old textile mills are contracting providing space for new developments. Due to this reason, the land cost is increasing with the phase of development. Furthermore, people prefer to live and buy land in the areas which are neighbouring Ayub Agriculture Research Land as the area is full of green fields and a good environment. 

The land cost in Nazimabad for residential plots is rupees 20 lacs/272 sq. ft, in Sir Syed Town and Khalidabad it is from rupees 15-20 lacs/272 sq. ft. in Quad-e-Azam Market there are commercial plots costing 30-40 lacs /272 sq. ft. AT main Dijkot Road the land cost is 30-40 lacs /272 sq. ft. In the Gaushala-Marrian area, the land cost is 3-5 lacs/272 sq. ft. This difference in land cost sometimes attracts people from surrounding areas to buy property in the Kachi-Aabadi which is being surrounded by the areas which are full of life and with high land prices. 

Results and Discussions

Morphological Analysis was done to study the characteristics of Goshala-Marrian as explained in the following sections.




Location and Physical Context

Goshala-Marrian is located on one of the primary roads of Faisalabad. The main entrance of the slum is from Dijkot Road falls in the oldest town of the city known as Lyallpur Town (the city comprises four towns in total). The location map with respect to the city is shown in Figure 5 below: 




City Center-The Clock Tower, Goshala-MarrianSlums

Figure 5

Location Map of Goshala-Marrian with Respect to City



City Center-The Clock Tower, Goshala-Marrian slums




 

It can be observed from Figure 4 that the slums are being developed in the oldest established town by the British Government. The other three towns known as Iqbal Town, Jinnah Town and Madina Town were established and developed after the independence of the country in 1947. 

The neighbouring areas include Nazimabad (housing society), Government schools, a graveyard known as ChhotaQabristan (small graveyard) locally and research farms of Ayub Agriculture Research Institute. The area is highly dense being the oldest and on primary road. 

Architectural and Street Hierarchy

The street pattern of the city is not regular. The irregularity is due to the unplanned growth of the slums. These slums currently fall under Faisalabad Development Authority, Auqaaf Department and Department of KachiAabadis-Punjab. All these departments have certain rules through which the area can be developed properly but due to weak law implementation and lack of interest of the Goshala-Marrian inhabitants the irregularity in the street hierarchy is still dominating. Figure 6 shows the street hierarchy in terms of circulation and particular use as below:

Figure 6

Irregular street Street width Narrow width and patterns emphasizing covered passages social cohesion

The streets are generally narrow allowing two-wheelers in some streets and the rest of the streets are accessible to pedestrians only. Some street views can be seen in Figure 7 and Figure 8 below:

Figure 7

Streets accessible for two-wheelers

Figure 8

Streets accessible for two- accessible for wheelers pedestrians only



Some of the streets are open-ended, linking the other streets, and some have dead ends i.e. providing no route to cross it while having the same point to enter and exit as can be seen in Figure 9 below: 

Figure 9

The Closed or Dead End Streets

These streets as can also be seen in figure-8 have houses as dead ends. In some streets, these houses are linked with another street at the rear side allowing relatives and friends to use the house as a crossing area to access the linked streets. The street pattern showing primary, secondary and tertiary streets is shown in Figure 10 below:

Figure 10

Street patterns of Goshala-Marrian



The primary streets represent the streets which start from a primary road of the area and end up in another primary road while circulating from the majority areas of the slums. The secondary streets are the streets which start from the primary road or street and 

end in another primary street or have a dead end. The tertiary streets start from primary or secondary streets and all end in dead ends.

The access points of Goshala-Marrian are shown in Figure 11 below:

Figure 11

Google Earth image showing access points of Goshala-Marrian



The link of primary streets shown in Figure 11 can be observed with the major and minor surrounding roads in Figure 12. A1 is a primary/major road i.e. Dijkot Road, A2 and A3 are minor roads i.e. Goshala Chowk Road and Nazimabad Road respectively.

The architecture of the area is not having a particular style. Need-based planning and designing are dominating. No building Bylaws are being followed and no person from the law implementation authorities visits and checks the development. Due to this reason, many people bought their front houses and built small bridges, covering the streets, to be used by a single family only. Thus, people are building upper floors in the streets leaving just the ground floor as the street path to move. Some of the unique architectural features of the area can be seen in Figure 12 below:

Figure 12

Architectural Hierarchy of Goshala-Marrian

Islamic architecture features   Traditional architecture features   Traditional style wooden doors Houses with connecting bridges or upper paths (used as courtyards) are shown in Figure 13 below:

Figure 13

Overhead Household Bridges Covering the Covering inside the main entrance to the slums

Overhead Household Bridges Covering the Covering inside the main entrance to the slums

Figure 14

Open Communal Area




The total land covered by the slums is 7 acres approximately. The major percentage of the area is under the control of Faisalabad Development Authority. Some area is under Auqaaf Department which is yet to be transferred to FDA. The transformation is in progress. 

Approximately 10% area is covered by commercial shops located on the main road i.e. Dijkot Road. App. 20% area is being covered as circulation i.e. primary, secondary and tertiary streets. An open communal area is also present within primary circulation as shown in Figure 15 below:

Figure 15

Land use Plan



Activities in Residential Area

People of the Goshala-Marrian not only use the house to live in but they also use them for small commercial activities. Some people have installed looms on their roofs, some houses have big sewing setups for bed sheet embroidery, Some have made basements to store molasses, and small embroidery units for ladies' suits are also present in some houses which are being delivered to the main city market known as eight bazaars of The Clock Tower, people also receive trousers for cutting of threads and packing, some ladies have settled small setups of cooking to prepare lunch for labour class and fried things to be sell to slum children and there is also a setup of preparing and packing moist snuff, locally known as Naswar, in a house. Many females in the area used to prepare and pack moist snuff on a daily basis as can be seen in Figure 16 below:

Figure 16

Moist snuff production Preparation Area Packing Area




The majority of the above-explained activities are being done illegally as no license or approvals were taken to run a commercial activity in a residential area. Furthermore, people involved in these activities actually do not realize that they have to obtain some legal permission according to rules and regulations.




Environmental Conditions

Environmental conditions of Goshala-Marrian, in terms of dwellings, infrastructure and built heritage is explained as follows.




Dwelling Structure and Pattern

There are 341 dwelling units in both the slums. Currently, all of them are pucca (made of materials like brick, concrete etc. and having permanent foundations and walls) houses. At the initial level i.e. in the immediate months after August 1947, the dwelling units were made of polythene or plastic sheets, Galvanized iron sheets, canvas locally known as tarpal and mud.

There is no house having a single storey. All have at least two floors to three floors as can be seen in Figure 17 below:

Figure 17

Use of Coal in Cooking



There is no gap between house structures. All have shared walls. A person can move in a full block of houses while jumping from the roofs. 

The houses have dissimilar and irregular spatial patterns, both in terms of plans and elevations, with improper orientation. Few houses have covered the old structures like arches near the main entrance and made room for their house. Some people have also occupied land graveyard space for building and extending their houses.




Infrastructure and Services

The infrastructure of Goshala-Marrian includes houses, streets and power poles can be seen in Figures 9, 10, 14 and 18. Services of the area include electricity, gas, telephone, Government water supply and sewerage system.

Despite having all the infrastructure and services facilities as in other planned parts of the city, the area is known, functioning and growing as a slum because of its proprietary rights majority of which are still with the Faisalabad Development Authority.




Environmental Degradation

The people of Goshala-Marrian are aware of cleanliness and pollution aspects but they are not trained or educated to maintain cleanliness and minimize the elements which pollute the environment as can be seen in Figure 18-20 below:

Figure 18

Views of small open areas, 



Figure 19

Govt. school filled near graveyard filled with garbage with garbage



Figure 20

Domestic animals tied in streets with dung spread all around



The environmental condition of Goshala-Marrian is better than before. According to the inhabitants, there was no sewerage system in the area. There were open drains and no system of rainwater discharge. The stagnant rainwater was seen for days even after a small rainfall. People used to place bricks or large stone blocks to cross the stagnant water.

Currently, there is a sewerage system with all other facilities but the living trend is still the same. People tie animals in streets with no dung cleanliness and consequently children used to play in an atmosphere full of bad smells, flies, dung etc. as can be seen in the above figures. Rainwater channels are not installed in a planned or appropriate way in the houses as can be seen in the above figures. Water discharged from the roofs of the houses directly into the streets even after rain, the accumulated water continues to be discharged. The use of coal for cooking and for heating purposes in winter is common as can be seen in figure 19. No proper method of garbage collection and disposal is available. People used to throw garbage in any nearest open place as can be seen in the above figures.  




Heritage Building and Site

As explained in Section 2, Goshala-Marrian is an old slum which was established as cremation and burial grounds for Sikhs and Hindus. Parts of an earlier installed opening or construction plate, at the main gate area-Dijkot Road, can be seen in Figure 21. A closer view of the plate is shown in Figure 22 below:

Figure 21

Old construction plate



Figure 22

A Closer view of construction plate highlighted in yellow



Some words on the plate are readable. The plate was written in Urdu. Its English translation is “In Memory of Durga Devi by Seth Tiwari”. The date is not readable.

There is an old temple in the area. It has been occupied by the inhabitants and is divided among a few houses. A top view of the old temple can be seen in Figure 23. There is an old arched gateway, observed from the brick pattern and current condition, linking the area with a minor road i.e. Goshala Chowk Road. It can be seen in Figure 24 below:

Figure 23

Old Temple   



Figure 24

Old Temple   



There was no earlier construction, observed in the Marrian area, related to Sikhism. According to the inhabitants, all the earliest construction elements were demolished many years before. There are all new buildings standing in their place. 

The above-shown temple, gateway and main entrance are not being identified by the concerned authorities as heritage structures yet.




Neighbouring Urban Fabric and Land Cost

Goshala-Marrian is located in one of the prime areas of the city. The area and its surroundings were residential but currently most of the area falls under the commercial category. The location plan of Goshala-Marrian with respect to the neighbouring areas can be seen in figure-25 as below:

 




Goshala-Marrian

Figure 25

Location Plan of Goshala-Marrian with Respect to Neighboring Areas



Multi-storey buildings are being constructed in the neighbouring areas at commercial and residential levels. Many new housing colonies are in the process of development in Nazimabad and Sir Syed Town areas. The old textile mills are contracting providing space for new developments. Due to this reason, the land cost is increasing with the phase of development. Furthermore, people prefer to live and buy land in the areas which are neighbouring Ayub Agriculture Research Land as the area is full of green fields and a good environment. 

The land cost in Nazimabad for residential plots is rupees 20 lacs/272 sq. ft, in Sir Syed Town and Khalidabad it is from rupees 15-20 lacs/272 sq. ft. in Quad-e-Azam Market there are commercial plots costing 30-40 lacs /272 sq. ft. At main Dijkot Road, the land cost is 30-40 lacs /272 sq. ft. In the Gaushala-Marrian area, the land cost is 3-5 lacs/272 sq. ft. This difference in land cost sometimes attracts people from surrounding areas to buy property in the Kachi-Aabadi which is surrounded by the areas which are full of life and with high land prices.

Conclusion

Urban areas of Pakistan, being part of South Asia, are also required to be monitored while considering the above-mentioned improvements. The pace of urbanization is required to be planned while considering the legalization and development of the existing slums. 

Currently, the people of Goshala-Marrian are being given the status of citizens while providing them all the services. But their living area is still a slum. According to the Directorate of Kachi-Aabadi Faisalabad, the case for the legalization of Goshala-Marrian (and all other slums) is in the Punjab Assembly. The request from the directorate has been made to the Government to rationalize the land rates as people are unable to pay new rates i.e. approximately rupees 2 lacs/272 sq.ft., for legalization. The case has been under consideration since 2017. Consequently, the next phase of legalization can be initiated after the final decision of the cabinet. 

Political interest and leadership of the area gave the inhabitants of Goshala-Marrian the voter’s rights but little effort was seen for area upgradation. The awaited decision of the case which is pending at the provincial cabinet i.e. to establish a procedure for slum legalization can be expedited by the political representatives of the area.  

Policy Recommendations

Relocating the slum, having a major portion as an illegal settlement, can be done. It can be relocated to any other suitable place. The land can be used according to the current requirements of the region. Employment opportunities can be created for relocated slum people by planning a project which can also generate funds for the conservation of identified sites within the slum.

The Goshala-Marrian is a historic site which still has some elements of the past as shown in the above sections. The administration is required to identify it as a heritage site so that the original identity of the area can be protected.

The social environment of the area also requires attention. To improve the quality of life, appropriate open community spaces and two-wheeler movement patterns can be planned as shown in Figure 26 and Figure 27 below:

Figure 26

Proposed Open Sitting Spaces



Figure 27

Proposed Circulation Pattern for Two-wheelers



The open spaces can be planned in the areas which are already been used by the inhabitants for small and large-level gatherings. The two-wheelers can be moved from primary streets.

The law implementing departments i.e. Faisalabad Development Authority and District Administration can monitor and check the buildings to follow bye-laws for the betterment of the slum people. The overhead bridges and extended ramps/entries are also required to be set to provide appropriate circulation patterns. Street furniture like benches, light poles etc., wherever needed, can be installed to maximize comfort and space usage.

Most importantly, public awareness is much more significant. People can be educated or trained to upgrade their own living while adopting certain measures. The slum inhabitants should also be educated to get their houses legalised for the safety and security of the next generations.

Slums are the unwanted and undesirable areas of the cities, in general, but they can generate certain positive impacts for the cities when accepted and acknowledged. Goshala-Marrian can also generate a positive impact by fulfilling the needs of the employment circle, and the generation of a healthy community and neighbourhood after acceptance and legalization. 

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